• About Us
        • About us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence

        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Branding Logo & Tagline
          • Milestones
          • Partnership & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campus
  • Programmes
        • Programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students

        • Overview
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAcct
          • MEcon
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • EMBA-Global Asia
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education

        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation

        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • Research Insights
          • Impact Stories
          • HKEJ Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights

        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
        • CONTACT Magazine
        • Multimedia Library
        • Our Social Media
  • Career
        • Career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development

        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Work for FBE
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 簡

Type To Search

Type To Search

  • About Us
        • About us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence

        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Branding Logo & Tagline
          • Milestones
          • Partnership & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campus
  • Programmes
        • Programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students

        • Overview
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAcct
          • MEcon
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • EMBA-Global Asia
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education

        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation

        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • Research Insights
          • Impact Stories
          • HKEJ Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights

        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
        • CONTACT Magazine
        • Multimedia Library
        • Our Social Media
  • Career
        • Career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development

        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Work for FBE
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Branding Logo & Tagline
      • Milestones
      • Partnership & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Campus
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
  • Programmes
    • Overview
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAcct
      • MEcon
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • EMBA-Global Asia
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • Research Insights
      • Impact Stories
      • HKEJ Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
    • CONTACT Magazine
    • Our Social Media
    • Multimedia Library
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Work for FBE
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column

Remarkable Mechanism Design in Auction

16 Jan 2019
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsAppShare on LinkedInShare on Email

慣用的拍賣招標 非凡的制度設計

拍賣和招標是十分尋常的交易方式,通常由賣家採用,尤其是當賣家不能確定售價,如政府拍賣、土地招標等。拍賣和招標用在私人交易也很普遍,如古董、藝術品拍賣;網上拍賣的方式更普及至幾乎任何商品。

拍賣和招標的大原則同是價高者得,主要分別在招標以暗標進行,而拍賣則由買家公開出價;此分別對買家的出價行為產生明顯影響,可以用對策論(Game Theory)加以分析。

常用的招標以暗標方式進行,價高者得,繳付入標價後就完成交易;如此招標方式的學術名稱是「首價招標」(first-price sealed-bid auction)。

常用的拍賣方式,通常先由賣家開價,然後由買家提價競逐,直至所有買家不再提價為止。拍賣也是價高者得,繳付最後出價後就完成交易,此種拍賣形式又稱為「英式拍賣」(English auction)。

以對策論分析英式拍賣和首價招標,一個標準的假設是:不同買家對同一件拍賣品的價值可以不同,而每個買家的價值是主觀的,不受其他買家影響,此即所謂「私人價值」(private value)。買家只知自己的私人價值,而不知其他買家的私人價值(unknown value)。

出價策略的對比

根據以上假設,買家在英式拍賣的出價行為可推斷如下:只要其他買家的叫價低於自家的私人價值,則此買家仍會繼續提價競逐,直至其他買家叫價升至或超逾其私人價值水平,或所有其他買家不再與之競逐為止。若所有買家的出價行為如此,英式拍賣則最終以最高私人價值的買家成功勝出,而以次高私人價值(second highest private value)為成交價。

接着分析買家在首價招標的出價行為,首先考慮入標價。若買家以低於其私人價值入標;中標的話,就得到正淨價值(因其所付出的入標價為成交價,低於他的私人價值);否則就無價值可言。

另一方面,買家會否以自己的私人價值入標?一旦中標,其所得淨價值就等如零(因其私人價值成為成交價)。若不中標,則亦無價值可言。由此可見,以私人價值入標,既然一定不及以低於私人價值入標划算,所以是「下策」(dominated strategy)。同一道理,以高於私人價值入標,亦為下策(甚至是下下策);下策可置不論。

至於入標價應低於私人價值多少,這方面的分析則較為複雜,因為調低入標價雖可增加中標後淨價值,卻會減低中標機會,當中取捨須把問題量化,方能得出具體答案。量化有關問題涉及統計學上的分布(distribution)和數學上的微分方程(differential equation),不在本文討論範圍之内。

然而就算不考慮具體答案,也可得出以下結論:買家在英式拍賣和首價招標的出價行為很不同。買家在英式拍賣可謂「如實呈報」(truth telling),亦即同場除最高私人價值的買家以外,其出價如實呈現其私人價值。相反,買家在首價招標卻不會如此「如實呈報」,其出價總低於其私人價值。既然買家的出價行為受拍賣或招標形式影響,能否設計出一種制度,令所有買家出價「如實呈報」?

次價招標的妙處

William Vickrey(1996年諾貝爾經濟學獎得主)提出「次價招標」(second-price sealed-bid auction),又稱「Vickrey招標」(Vickrey auction)。與首價招標一樣,次價招標依然以暗標進行、價高者得,但Vickrey從中作出以下改動:中標者(即最高入標價買家)只需付次高入標價(second highest bid)完成交易。

表面上,Vickrey招標好像是慷賣家之慨,為甚麼不向中標者收取最高入標價?但問題卻非如此簡單,因為招標制度可以影響買家行為,所以要先了解買家如何在Vickrey招標出價。

首先,買家以私人價值入標而中標的淨價值不再是零,因為他繳付的是次高入標價(低於他的私人價值)。正因如此,就算他降低入標價而仍然中標,其所得的淨價值也是一樣,但降低入標價或會令他中不了標,所以低於私人價值入標也一定不及以私人價值入標,是為下策。

很明顯,如果以私人價值入標而中標,提高入標價沒有好處;所以只需考慮以私人價值入標而不中標,在提高入標價後而中標的情況。以私人價值入標而不中標,代表私人價值低於最高入標價;在提高入標價後而中標,則代表之前最高入標價變成現在次高入標價。在此情況下,中標者的私人價值低於次高入標價,得到負淨價值,比不中標還差。由此可見,以高於私人價值入標,也一定不及以私人價值入標,亦屬下策。

無論以低於或高於私人價值入標,都不及以私人價值入標,以私人價值入標成為Vickrey招標的「上策」(dominant strategy)。以上推論適用於Vickrey招標的所有買家。雖然Vickrey招標只收取次高入標價,但不代表它慷賣家之慨,因為買家把入標價提高至私人價值。

Vickrey略加改動,把首價招標改為次價招標,便把本來是下策的以私人價值入標變為上策,令所有買家(包括最高私人價值的買家)以「如實呈報」方式出價,比英式拍賣更勝一籌。

Vickrey如此設計出一個「如實呈報」的招標制度,讓制度設計者得悉參與者的私人價值,是重大的突破,而為一門新學問—制度設計學(Mechanism Design) —奠下基石。制度設計學的發展已經十分成熟,應用廣泛,不再限於拍賣和招標制度設計,範圍延伸至市場設計、網絡經濟學及各種相關用途,甚至在經濟學範疇以外的科目,如電腦工程學和電腦科學等。

程騰歡 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授
(本文同時於二零一九年一月十六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

A Review of Development in Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau

9 Jan 2019

Forward-looking of Greater Bay Area

24 Jan 2019

Trending

Vector illustration in flat simple style with characters - influencer marketing concept - blogger promotion services and goods for his followers online
Are social media causing political polarisation?
Dr. Stephen Y CHIU
說特朗普任內以社交媒體治國並不為過,他在推特和臉書就分別有8800萬和300萬的追隨者。1月6日發生示威者衝擊國會山莊事件之後,特朗普被社交媒體封鎖,推特甚至永久封閉其私人賬戶。這些事件都來得非常突然,特朗普作為一個現象,和他任內的作為,特別是在任期的最後幾個月,都是值得歷史學家和政治學家細加研究的課題。
20 Jan 2021
Faculty
1500x900
RCEP – A miraculous act amid deglobalisation
Prof. Heiwai TANG
2020年11月15日,東盟10國加上中國、日本、南韓、澳洲和紐西蘭共15國簽署《區域全面經濟夥伴協定》(Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership;簡稱RCEP)。稍後待各國於國會通過後,協定將會是有史以來最大的自由貿易協定,涵蓋全球三分之一的人口(約23億)及本地生產總值(GDP),預計到了2030年,GDP更將佔全球的一半。
13 Jan 2021
Faculty
0HKU_1881_2019
About Author
Dr. Stephen CHING

Associate Professor

Sign up for upcoming news and events
HKU Business School
Contact Us
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2020, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy

BACK TO TOP